Negative Effects of Genetically Modified Food/Crops Essay

Genetically modified organisms refer to organisms whose genetic components have been changed to produce an unnatural occurrence. Genetic engineering refers to the technology employed in the alteration of the genetic elements, which also facilitates the transfer of genes between related and non-related species. This technology is applied in the production of Genetically Modified (GM) crops/foods in order to meet the desired objectives of the industry operators. The 1980 US Supreme Court pronouncement on the legal patentability of biological life in the Diamond vs. Chakrabartyn case opened the gateway to genetic engineering (Lex Orbis). There are some perceived benefits of the GM foods industry, both to the producer and consumer, especially in regard to increased food productivity and nutrition. Conversely, there have been reported cases on potential risks to human health and the environment due to GM foods/crops. The harmful effects of GM foods production and consumption cannot be overlooked, due to their impact on human health, the environment and socio-economic operation of a society. The introduction and widespread use of Genetically Modified (GM) foods has been met with uncertainties in regard to public acceptability due to the confirmed and potential harmful effects of this technology. GM foods are disputable for various reasons, one of them being the adverse effects of these foods to human health. There are concerns over deaths, near-deaths and diseases such as cancer and bacterial infections arising out of GM foods. Human beings need food for survival but it is incongruous to consume potentially harmful food for one’s existence just for survival. Studies indicate that there have been recorded deaths attributable to Genetic Engineering in foods. In 1989, a genetic modification of the food supplement known as L-tryptophan produced a devastating disease known as the Eosinophilia Myalgia syndrome (EMS). There were about 37 people who died from the ailment, as well as around 1500 who were physically impaired. The GM food supplement was manufactured by a Japan’s chemical company known as Showa Denko, which offered a $2 billion settlement to the victims, but investigations into the product were not carried out. In addition, initial GM tested products such as Flavr Savr have been reported as harmful to animals, evidenced by the premature deaths of the animals used in these lab tests. Further, in 1996, a company known as Pioneer Hi-Bred, the largest seed company in the US, produced soybeans with the added protein methionine, through splicing Brazil nut DNA into the conventional soybeans (Cummins, Lilliston and Lappe 36). Researchers from the University of Nebraska reported that the use of the GM soybeans may result in fatal allergies to individuals allergic to Brazilian nuts. Fortunately, the company withdrew the product from the market before any fatalities occurred. Allergenic reactions to GM foods are another area of concern to the consumer public. There has been an increasing rate of food-allergenic individuals in the nation, especially among children, which was confirmed by the Center for Disease Control. The increased alteration of diets contributes to the rising rate of food sensitivity, since GM foods are not comparable to regular foods (Nestle). Other indications of the allergenic quality of GM foods include the following: A study on GM potatoes with cod genes indicated they were allergenic; two independent studies indicated that GM Bt corn produced allergenic effects, even on the farmers who used genetically engineered Bt sprays to produce such corn; in 1999, York Laboratory researchers discovered a connection between the rise in allergic reactions to soy and the consumption of GM soy. The potential risks of GM foods extend to disease causality and bacterial infections. Scientists have established a connection between a protein hormone known as GH and a chemical hormone called IGH-1 associated with breast cancer, and in some instances, prostate cancer. The protein hormone GH is injected in dairy cows to facilitate the production of more milk, thus it has been used to boost the productivity of dairy corporations. Genetically modified versions of the hormone have been approved to enhance milk productivity despite warnings by scientists that this GM hormone increases the IGF-1 hormone in consumers, from about 70 to 1000%. Dr. Samuel Epstein, a University of Chicago doctor and the Chairman of the Cancer Prevention Coalition explained the connection between GH and IGF-1; that the GH induces the malignant conversion of human breast epithelial cell types that eventually leads to cancerous growths. However, the US Food and Drugs Administration rejected the importance of such findings. The proponents of GM foods point to some science reviews which claim that GM crops in the market pose limited risks to human health. GM foods undergo protocol tests to determine their effects on human health as well as their allergenic quality. These tests have been evaluated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the result is that the GM foods currently in circulation pose no allergic effects to people. The World Health Organization further maintains that all GM foods in the global market have been approved after passing the necessary risk assessment tests; hence they are not harmful to human health. Additionally, the organization claims that adverse effects of these foods have not been proved among the general public where the GM foods have been permitted thus there should be no reason for alarm (World Health Organization). However, this position falls short of completely meeting the concerns of consumers, since various scientific studies have reflected negative health effects of GM foods, contradicting WHO’s position. Despite the observation of harmful effects on a minority, GM foods cannot be ruled as completely safe for human consumption. In consideration of all the evidence presented, it is certain that genetic engineering technology presents certain dangers and health hazards that need to be thoroughly assessed before GM foods are absorbed into the global market. The assessment criteria for these products should also be revised with reference to case studies and reports highlighting potential harms of genetic modification (The Economist 19). Consumers should also be fully aware of the type of products displayed in the market in order to make informed choices. Genetic modified foods and crops have also been frowned upon for their potential negative effects to the environment. There are concerns over the toxicity levels in the soil due to genetic engineered farming, leading to soil pollution and destruction of plant and animal life. Despite the positive effects of genetic engineering technology in boosting food supply to the public, the application of this technology raises the use of chemicals and bio-engineered products in farms, hence the environmental degradation. It is essential to support a food crop production system that maintains environmental standards rather than ruin them, thus maintaining the spirit of environmental conservation. The GM crop industry advocates for this technology on the grounds that genetic engineered seeds and plants are helpful to the environment by decreasing the amount of chemicals used in farms. However, most of the GM agricultural products have a high chemical resistance, which in turn increases rather than decreases the use of herbicides or pesticides with toxic effects to the farms. The GM crop industry seeks to profit from the sale of more products, and these include seeds as well as pesticides and herbicides. In light of this issue, it is conceivable that the industry intends to sell more genetic engineered agricultural products as well as chemicals; hence environmental safety is a challenge if farmers rely on these products, since they go hand in hand with great use of herbicides/pesticides. According to environmental scientist, R. J. Goldburg, scientists expect that the use of herbicides will triple due to GM agricultural products (Goldburg 647). An example of a company in this industry is Monsanto, which is a world leading corporation in the production of genetic engineered seeds as well as the herbicide known as Roundup. The herbicide glyphosate, also called Roundup, has damaging effects to plant and animal life. The US Fish and Wildlife Service indicated that Roundup poses a threat to 74 endangered species; it affects natural processes in plant life such as photosynthesis. Further, the herbicide decays in the soil but it leaves deposits on the crops harvested for the consumer. Glyphosate, which is the main component in Roundup, is harmful to humans, and has led to numerous cases of illness among farmers. Various scientific research projects also indicate the harmful effects of GM products to the soil; these include the research carried out by Oregon scientists which indicates the GM microorganism, klebsiella planticola killed vila soil nutrients and rendered it sterile. Similarly, in 1997, it was established that Rhizobium melitoli, a GM bacterium, released toxins in the soil that caused pollution. The Environmental Protection Agency also expressed its concerns over the matter, but these microorganisms are still in operation. The Oregon research also indicated that some of these microbes killed wheat plants when introduced into the soil. Other indicators of the environmental effects of GM products include the creation of super weeds and super pests; plant and animal invasions; destruction of forests; the death of beneficial insects and genetic pollution. GM elements such as Bt endotoxin have been reported to stay in the soil for about 18 months and could be transported to other wild plants, thus forming super weeds, resistant to beetles and butterflies, and this process affects the balance of nature. Super pests are created when common pests like budworms and cottonboll worms develop immunity from toxins due to repeated exposure. Research indicates that cottonboll worms have developed immunity from Bt sprays used in organic farming (Tabashnik, Gassmann and Crowder 199-202). Plant and animal invasions threaten the existing species and result to the imbalance of nature. Emerging GM strains can induce bio-invasions into plant or animal life, such as the invasion of the kudzu vine, which is an exotic plant from Japan with rapid growth. The damage to forest life is yet another justification for the claims against the production of GM foods/crops. GM trees have developed a resistance towards chemical sprays thus when spraying is carried out in a forest with GM trees, they survive but the plant life around them are killed. Unlike rainforests or tropical trees that support animal life such as fungi, insects and birds, GM trees are flowerless and sterile; hence they cannot support forest life in its entirety. Research further demonstrates that GM components destroy beneficial insects in plant life such as the monarch butterfly larvae which feeds on milkweed. In 1997, New Scientist reported that the proteins found in genetically modified canola flowers could potentially harm honeybees (Pain) Additionally, genetic pollution is another negative effect of GM production on the environment. Genetic pollution is facilitated by the transfer of GM pollen through rain, wind, birds or insects, and it becomes difficult to contain since unlike chemical pollution, it does not decay. The government of Thailand terminated field assessments for Bt cotton from Monsanto after the Institute of Traditional Thai Medicine established genetic pollution of nearby plants (GRAIN 1-7). In the face of the controversy around GM technology and its effects on the environment, the supporters of the technology advocate that it offers a solution to environmental strain caused by overpopulation. The proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is beneficial to the environment since it presents a solution that prevents further depletion of the environment as the world population rises. It is evident that overpopulation has caused negative effects on the environment, due to the constant struggle for land, water, fuels and other resources necessary for human existence. For this reason, supporters of this technology view it as the means to support the food requirements of the world as a whole while maintaining the status of the environment. GM food production has the potential to support the growing need of food supplies in the present world, but its damaging effects to the environment cannot be ignored since they pose long-term risks, that impact on future generations. These destructive effects on the environment, plant and animal life have been scientifically proven, thus they are not negligible GM crop production definitely introduces harmful effects to the environment and its inhabitants, making it an unsafe means to support food demands. The collaboration of core organizations in the environmental sector should be established in order to forge a way that incorporates stringent environmental standards in the GM food industry. Such organizations include the US Food and Drug Administration and the United Nations Environment Programme. There are a lot of concerns in the GM food industry, with some risks already identified while some remain to be discovered, hence there should be more emphasis on safe food production strategies rather than a technology filled with uncertainties (Krech 580). The other argument against genetically modified foods arises out of the negative political, social and economic implications of the industry to modern society. The extensive application of biotechnology in food production will change established farming drastically, the strongest effect being on the indigenous farmers, and eventually the consumers. GM food production requires patenting, and the large corporations in this sector will eventually push the indigenous farmers out of their farms, while they control food products and prices. Advocates against GM crop production argue that his industry will displace farmers out of their livelihoods, since they face the risk of being bought out by large multinational companies that can pursue genetic engineering from a large-scale level. The control of the GM food production industry by large corporations amounts to bio-colonization, which by extension refers to the power that bio-technology controllers possess in the current and future market. The ability to control genetic components as well as agricultural resources is the source of so much power, for its food production. Indigenous farmers in the U. S. are currently self-sufficient in food production, but with the advancements in the GM food industry, more and more people will be dependent upon these industry controllers for food. These industry controllers may be referred to as the bio-colonizing companies, which will possess a lot of decisive power in the world economy due to their control of genetic and agricultural resources. Agricultural workers will also be greatly afflicted with the transfer of control in the industry from individuals to corporations or governments. The result will be displacement of farmers from their economic activity by more powerful forces, leading to a high rate of food dependency from companies and the government (Committee on the Impact of Biotechnology on Farm-Level Economics and Sustainability 206). Unfortunately, the WTO, World Bank and GATT provide regulations that facilitate large-scale and foreign interests at the expense of local economies, which further impede self-sufficiency in those countries. Another socio-political issue of concern is the debate on the labeling of GM foods. Proponents of GM foods argue that these foods are similar to regular foods thus the need for labeling is unnecessary, but a counterargument is that with the potential risks of GM foods, consumers should be fully aware of the contents of their foods in order to make informed choices. The consumer has the right to be informed of the ingredients in his/her food, irrespective of the safety or harmful levels of the food. Some parties argue for genetic engineering in food production as the solution to world hunger and other economic problems that arise out of food shortages. The proposition is that GM foods can be produced even under harsh soil and climatic conditions since they can be engineered to withstand such conditions. For this reason, most lands that have previously not been utilized for farming can now be made useful, and eventually solve the problem of overcrowding on the fertile lands. According to the proponents, this move is expected to increase food productivity, thus solving two problems at the same time; the scramble for resources and food security. However, such an argument fails to consider the bigger picture in regard to autonomy in food production among local farmers and regions. It is clear that the GM food industry is controlled by large corporations and governments, hence they would in turn control productivity and supply on the international front. In this regard, indigenous farmers as well as small economies do not achieve food security; rather they become more dependent on multinational companies. In summary, genetically engineered foods raise a lot of questions and concerns among the public due to the insufficient information regarding the sector and the potential harm it presents to the people and the environment. There are proponents with valid perspectives who argue for and against the concept, but it is important that the benefits of this technology are weighed against the risks, in order to determine the true value of the industry to consumers (Ackerman). Positive effects include increased food supply and control of overpopulation in fertile lands, but these benefits are overshadowed by the numerous reported and unreported harmful effects of genetic science in food production. From health complications to environmental degradation and negative socio-economic impacts, the GM food production industry is potentially catastrophic in the present time and in the future ahead. Works Cited Ackerman, Jennifer. â€Å"FOOD: How Altered? † National Geographic Magazine. (2002). Web. 18 March 2011. Committee on the Impact of Biotechnology on Farm-Level Economics and Sustainability. Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States. Washington, D. C. : National Academies Press, 2010: 206-207. Print. Cummins, Ronnie, Ben Lilliston and Frances Moore Lappe. Genetically Engineered Food: A Self-Defense Guide for Consumers. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004: 36-38. Print. Goldburg, R. J. â€Å"Environmental Concerns with the Development of Herbicide-tolerant Crops. † Weed Technology 6. 3 (1992): 647-652. Print. GRAIN. â€Å"Bt Cotton through the Back Door. † Seedling (2001): 1-7. Print. Krech, Shepard. Encyclopedia of World Environmental History: F-N. London: Routledge, 2004: 580-581. Print. Lex Orbis. â€Å"Patenting Microorganisms. † Lex Orbis: Intellectual Property Practice. (30 April 2005). Web. 18 March 2011. Nestle, Marion. â€Å"Agricultural Biotechnology, Policy, and Nutrition. † The New England Journal of Medicine (2002). Print. Pain, Stephanie. â€Å"War in the Woods – Dutch Elm Disease is back with a Vengeance. But this time Biotechnology. † New Scientist. (1997). Web. 18 March 2011. Tabashnik, BE, et al. â€Å"Insect Resistance to Bt Crops: Evidence versus Theory. † Nature Biotechnology (2008): 199-202. Print. The Economist. â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Genetically Modified Foods? † The Economist. (19 June 1999): 19-21. Print. World Health Organization. WHO: 20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods. 2011. Web. 18 March 2011.

Information technology in the business world: its advantages and disadvantages Essay

Information technology in the business world: its advantages and disadvantages. Communication technology is one of the most important facilities of information technology (IT) for the people around the world. It changed the human life by made it easier to communicate between each other also it make the world look like small village. People now communicate between each other’s by different ways comparison to the past. As a result businesses also change and develop by using communication technology. The companies have many benefits and many barriers by using communication technology; the discussion will be limited to this area. This essay will argue that information technology has advantages and disadvantages when used it in business. One of the advantages is that Internet can help companies to communicating effectively with clients. Also companies can use it to build a good relationship with their customers. Now most companies provide a website to market their goods and give more detailed about company’s business. Moreover, Most companies now use a virtual communication to deal or exchange information. In the other hand, communication technologies have many disadvantages that breakdown the business. The First common disadvantage among in companies that employees using company computer for dubious purposes. Also, using internet in workplace for a long time could be affect body and brain health. In addition, employees mobile phones are not secure because of the digital criminal. Internet helped companies to communicate effectively with their customers. It will help the companies to save their time and money while they finish their work online such as: online business deals and advertise their products. Researches show that companies who use the internet develop faster than others. In addition, many clients use internet to read about companies products. According to Vallee (2002, p. 109): ‘the whole world has access to your products, in proportion to the access people have individually to the internet’. The internet is very  useful for companies and helps to them to communicate with their clients. Internet can help companies to build a good relationship with their customers. It can be by sending email to advertise the new products so the customer will find that company interested on him/her and this will strengthen the interaction between them. Most of the customers preferred to deal with that companies give him/her an attention. Kleindl (2002, p.15) explain that ‘Businesses must learn to gain customers trust.’ Thus, it can be concluded that companies can make a good relationship with customers by using internet. Due to the evolution of Information Technology, most companies design a website to displaying company information and products. They have encouraged customers to visit their website to find information about the new products and know the general idea about the company work. Also most of this website provides section that the customer can buy the company products so the customer will save the time by order the products from his place. According to Vallee (1999, p. 74): ‘the websites of most large businesses merely offer general information and job ads, with little else. On the whole, design a website for the company can be very useful to the work. Now days most of the big international companies found that virtual communications are very useful. They can use it to hold a virtual conference between companies in different countries at any time and any day. Most companies find it helpful because it saves their money and time. For example: the companies who want to discuss a business deal should asset time and place to meet but with a virtual communication there is no need to all of these. Hurwitz (2009) consider that ‘The reality is you can get away with a lot more in person than you can in a virtual meeting. In an in-person meeting there is enough going on and enough possibilities of interaction that it works’. Therefore, virtual conference becomes more useful for companies and businesses. The uncontrolled Usage of computers in work places has many disadvantages that impede the progress of work. Many employees use companies’ computers for dubious purposes. Also they may surf the internet during office hours. Therefore, the employees may not perform the work required of them in limited time. Caplan (2006, p. 64) explains that ‘cyber  loafing and personal web use may inhibit productivity’. To summarise, the use of computer in the work place sometimes leads to a downturn in employee performance. Using internet in workplace for a long time could affect the worker health. It is a common problem among companies that employees use the int ernet for a long time. Many of them suffer from different health problem and neurological problems that caused by internet such as: posture and tension, difficulty in breathing, problem in blood circulation and eye health. In addition, if the employees exposure this problem he/she will reduce the level of work (Mcdowell 2001). According to Mcdowell (2001): ‘Those of us who sit at computer screens for long periods every day are already in danger of unsettling our health if this sort of activity is not balanced by a whole lot of contrasting activity. An addict is one who will concentrate their mind and body around one sort of activity to the exclusion of almost all others.’ In all, employees who sitting in front of the computer screen for a long time could affect their health. Unsecure mobile phone has become a common problem for employees by digital criminals. They target the employees’ mobile phone by using new and develop programs. These programs can break the mobile phone security to steal the important information and tampering with the contents of the phone. Moreover, they can send the data to their computers or to other mobile phone. According to Dibben (2009, p. 27): ‘If they responded, the criminals could then access phone users personal data and send it elsewhere.’ Thus, it can be concluded that hackers attack the workers mobile phones by new software to take the important information. In conclusion, the essay has argued that information technology has brought advantages and disadvantages to communication in business. Companies can communicate effectively with their customers by internet. In addition, Companies now try to have a good relationship with their customers by using internet. What is more, companies now design a website to attractions people and provide a products in it. As well as that, virtual communication is one of the important things in the business area. On the other hand, using information technology in business has disadvantages that imbed the work. For instance, employees use the company computers for personal interests in the official worki ng hours. Moreover, using internet for a long time in the  work could affect health problems. Thus, mobile phone could attack by professional criminals. List of references Caplan, S E 2006, ‘Problematic internet use in the workplace’, in M Anadarajan, T S H Teo & C A Simmers (eds), The internet and workplace transformation, Armonk, New York, viewed 26 August 2009, Dibben, K 2009, ‘Hi-tech crime: phones hit by virus’, The Sunday mail, 28 Jun, p. 27. Kleindl, B A 2002, Strategic electronic marketing: managing e-business, 2nd edn, Thomson South-Western, Cleveland, USA. Vallee, D 1999, Leading your business into the future with the internet, St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton. Hurwitz, J 2009, http://jshurwitz.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/whats-the-future-of-the-virtual-conference/ Mcdowell, R 2001,

How To Reduce Police Brutality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2096 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Police Brutality Essay Did you like this example? There is a tv show called Dear White People in Netflix, an American media-services provider. In season one, the fifth episode of this tv show, an African American college student named Reggie, this episodes subject, goes to the party of his Caucasian college friend, Addison. In that party, he wins every game he plays with his innate intelligence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How To Reduce Police Brutality" essay for you Create order Suddenly, as Reggie and Addison argue about using N-word while singing along a rap, a tension between goes up rapidly. Campus police arrive soon and ask if Reggie goes to the college. Several people including Addison says that he goes to the college but the police do not listen. Reggie refuses to give his student ID as the police do not ask it to Addison. Then the police pull out a gun and aim at Reggie with it. Immediately, White and Black students in the party are outraged by this but Reggie receives a great emotional shock as facing with death. The tv show, Dear White People is released in 2017. The movies called Hidden Figures, Get Out, and Moonlight are released in 2017 as well. These tv show and movies have something in common. All of them released last year and deal with racial discrimination. Media often becomes a mark for revelation and indictment of social issues at that time as Maus, a graphic novel by Art Spiegelman does. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the act that enabled African Americans to be legally impartial, was signed on 1964, racial discrimination against African American is still prevalent until now. This issue can also be shown by the police brutality against them which was proven by a number of accumulated data and statistics. For example, FBIs 2012 Supplementary Homicide Report shows that while the population of Black people takes thirteen percent in total United States population, Black community takes thirty-nine percent in the total population of people killed by policing while not attacking. Following the characteristics of the basic obligations of the police officer, serving and protecting the citizens, police brutality has been seriously criticized. The importance of solving police brutality has been more emphasized whenever several related issues happened such as Eric Garner or Michael Brown cases. As its gravity was emphasized, numerous citizens, social activists, experts, and authorities suggested solutions in various aspects. Among those solutions, altering the police community culture exerts a greatly positive influence upon the relationship between the police and the public. To alter police culture effectively, developing training and policies to a considerably high degree with authorities support is indispensable. Developing training for police officers can be achieved in two sections. One of them is developing practical skills especially for handling a difficult or unexpected situation. The other one is developing an appropriate mindset of policemen. Police officers deal with both mundane and unexpected situations. Learning appropriate practical skills will lead them to handle the situations more flexibly with control no matter what they are unexpected or not. In addition, this way of training is very effective. Because police deal with people for most of their time, the y can see the immediate feedbacks clearly and directly. With those feedbacks, police community can improve their practical skills with more details as well as set a goal to achieve. On top of that, adopting body-worn cameras in police departments widely enhances the effectiveness of the training further as well as prevents or reveals a police misconduct. Body-worn cameras give the panoramic view that will help policemen to diagnose what might be a training deficiency, or a disciplinary deficiency, or [conclude] there was nothing that the officers could have done differently according to Ronald Serpas, a former New Orleans police chief. Through those skills, police officers can build a more reliable relationship with the community of public as well. As they engage and interact with the community more, it might also help police officers to diminish their own implicit biases. To be more specific, the police community can develop practical skills with more detail depending on the level of seriousness of the situations they faced and the external things that should be considered. They can also develop the ways to figure out the seriousness of the situations. For example, policemen will handle people differently considering what is their personality and who they are in the situation of a traffic stop. Lets say a person who they encountered looks suspicious because of his or her attitude such as quietness or sudden flurry. Policemen will recognize that he or she is quiet as for personality or that he or she is mentally ill for a sudden flurry. Then they will consider that personality and mental status to treat them more gently and less aggressively like they learned from new developed practical skills. Besides, policemen with less implicit biases will stop fewer cars that are owned by African American men in the first place. For learning developed practical skills, the police community can learn more about de-escalation skills and non-lethal tactics. There are so many lives that were lost by unnecessary aggressive treatments of police officers. For example, the re is Michael Brown in Ferguson. With developed practical skills, former police officer Darren Wilson would not stop Michael Brown for a trivial crime like jaywalking and encounter escalating circumstances that led Wilson to shoot him to death. The reason why developing an appropriate mindset of policemen is similar to that of developing practical skills. Depending on the individual policemans mindset or perception, his or her behavior and attitude is determined in a specific way. Seth Stoughton, the law professor at the University of South Carolina School, argued that there is a distinction between police who adopt the mindset of a guardian and those who approach their job as warriors. In general terms, the former see their role as that of peacekeepers and protectors, while the latter see themselves more as enforcers and wielders of authority. Serpas agrees to his argument and advocates policemen behave as guardians saying When police officers enforce the law, theyve got to really be in lockstep with the demands of the community. In short, policemen who consider themselves as warriors with us-and-them attitude tend to be more aggressive when they treat people as thinking that people who go against the law are their enemies. However, in reality, the primary goal of policemen as guardians is to protect the people whether they are wrongdoer or victims and to solve an intense situation amicably. Policemen are influenced greatly by not even this us-and-them attitude, but also implicit biases on race or skin color. Some of them even identify peoples race as an indicator of crime and danger. To solve this issue, more racially aware training for policemen is needed as peoples subconscious biases guide their choices even when theyre not fully aware of it. (Lopez) For example that shows racism can culminate by implicit bias, in 2015, Florida police department caught using black people mug shots for target practice. Serpas asserts that officers are needed to be trained to be aware of inherent biases from the perspective of learning about their behavior and their perceptions how they can bring those perceptions and behavior to reality in a way thats non-biased. Although there are numerous advantages and positive results from developing training for policemen, some experts view that police brutality does not happen because of the training issue. One of them, Donald Grady II, a retired police chief with over 30 years in uniform, insists the importance of policing reform saying [police brutality] is an issue of who it is that weve decided we would allow to police our country. He also points out that policing was not designed to take care of the public. To alleviate police brutality more effectively, not even reforming training, but also reforming policing is needed. For another reason that policing should be reformed can be found on the article, How systemic racism entangles all police officers even black cops. The writer, German Lopez points out that the way policing is done in the US is racially skewed by, for example, targeting high-crime neighborhoods that are predominantly black. She insists that these types of policing create subconsciou s bias, implicit bias, against African American by connecting a specific skin color and crime and danger. Moreover, according to Sklansky, a law professor at Stanford Law School, this type of inequalities in law enforcement will cause a bad relationship with the police and the black community as an African American community express more fear to the police while police might take their emotional expression as being suspicious. In other words, reforming policies are essential for police brutality to solve some struggles that training cannot alleviate, to stop creating a more racial implicit bias and worsening the relationship with police community and African American community. For the improved policies, policies could be reformed to put less emphasis on arrests for petty crimes like jaywalking of Michael Brown case, which could help diminish frequent harassment African American experience by police with bias. (Lopez) To be more specific, the policy that the number of tickets and arrests as a measure for evaluation for policeman for incentives should be stopped as it encourages policemen to arrest Black people in large numbers. (Lopez) Again, the community being suffered the most is the Black community as it is already proven by the great amount of data. A researcher Cody Ross concluded by his research, A Multi-Level Bayesian Analysis of Racial Bias in Police Shootings at the County-Level in the United States which was conducted from 2011 to 2014, that particular racial bias in police stops or use of force are involved in the inequality seen for shootings against African American. (Lopez) In short, policing is a major aspect that forms police culture. As Las Vegas police chief Kirk Primas said, Our sheriff recognized that we had to change, and that included a change in the departments culture. So we revamped our policies, and we put respect for the sanctity of human life in the first paragraph of our use-of-force policy. Although it seems that there is not much connection among police culture, policy, and training, they interact with each other. As it is stated earlier, training and policy complement each aspects defects. At this point, police culture is significant to achieve the positive results from developed policy and training as organizational police culture influences upon them greatly. Even if the newly hired officers were well trained with developed policy and training, there is a quite big danger for them to follow the old ones that are aggressive and authoritative influenced by former officers in the community. According to the article, The Organizational Reasons Police Departments Dont Change, police scholars have agreed that the organizational culture of policing the set of informal, cultural norms that are unique to the occupation of law enforcement is the most important determinant of police behavior. This includes both the culture of policing writ large and t he micro-cultures of individual departments. In other words, altering police community culture positively is inevitable since without altering it, developing training and policy is worthless. However, to alter police community culture, firm support and help of the authority, such as police chief or mayor, is essentially needed. Organizational change will require top-down pressure, including strong police leadership at the highest levels. The only way that individual cops will change is if the organizational culture changes, and the only way that the organization will change is if high-level officials are held accountable for the actions of their subordinates. (Armacost 521) According to former Police Chief Anthony Bouza, [a] police departments first order of business is to get its internal house in order through the creation of an organizational climate that fosters integrity and effective performance. The creation of such a climate begins with the approach and competence of the chief of police, which sets the mood and atmosph ere for the agency. (Armacost 521) Police brutality has been an unresolved on-going struggle of the United States for decades along with the history of racial discrimination against African American people. Every year, the racial discrimination against minorities happens untiringly so as police brutality which is alleviated little by little. The Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Although every human being is deserved to be treated equally, minorities are still neglected in reality. Alleviating police brutality in the United States will be one aspect to accomplish quality of every human being.

The Pitfall of Als Essay Samples 2015

The Pitfall of Als Essay Samples 2015 Writing for web content is among the simplest ways for writers to receive their work published. You might also see application writing examples Knowing your audience will allow you to imagine the things that they wish to know about the topic you chose. The majority of us rely on the social networking networks to communicate with family members and friends, gather information and share what is significant to them. The social networking networks are really good since they make it possible for you to stay in contact with the said family. Make sure it is error-free one of the most typical explanations for why an application is rejected is as it is poorly written. The aim of these online writing service providers is clients' satisfaction so that they are always prepared to provide a good deal of time to all their customers. There are respective companies that provide research paper writing services. 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Counterculture During the Vietnam Era Essay - 1096 Words

Counterculture During the Vietnam Era With a country in shambles as a result of the Vietnam War, thousands of young men and women took their stand through rallies, protests, and concerts. A large number of young Americans opposed the war; with a common feeling of anti-war, thousands of youths united as one. This new culture of opposition spread like wild fire with alternative lifestyles blossoming, people coming together and reviving their communal efforts, demonstrated in the Woodstock Art and Music festival. The use of drugs, mainly marijuana, became a staple in the community of anti-war youths. The countercultures’ radical views and actions caused American society to turn its head and look to the young. They set themselves out as a†¦show more content†¦Groups such as the Chicago Seven, Students for a Democratic Society, and on a whole, a new term, New Left, was given to the generation of the Sixties that was radicalized by social injustices, the civil rights movement, and the war in Vietnam. One specif ic incident was when Richard Nixon appeared on television to announce the invasion of Cambodia by the United States, and the need to draft 150,000 more soldiers. At Kent State University in Ohio, protestors launched a riot, which included fires, injuries, and even death.1 Through the growth of the new youth’s culture’s open hostility to the values of middle-class society the counterculture was formed. America became more aware of its young generation. Through protests, riots, and anti-war demonstrations, they challenged the very structure of American Society, and spoke out for what they believed in. Lisa Law stated her views; The counterculture was an attempt to rebel against the values our parents had pushed on us.1 From the days of Woodstock to today, our fashion reflects the trends set in Woodstock. Trends such as long hair, tye-dye, rock, and folk music used as a form of expression for radical ideas and self-expression.1 While these trends are not harmful, others are; such as the extended use of marijuana, and the hallucinogen, LSD, which are still popular with the youth today. Marijuana captivated the counterculture. Timothy Leary, psychologist writes, TheShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War and Its Effects on Society During the 1960s159 4 Words   |  7 Pagesliberalism could be felt though out the counting during the middle of the decade. The infamous Vietnam War and the new alternative culture were pushing the United States towards a time of liberalism and a nationwide rebellion against the social norms. The first combat forces were sent to Da Nang in 1965, by a formally anti war President, Lyndon B Johnson. The question of why the United States was engaging in a war between North and South Vietnam was raised. Anti war rebellions sprouted up all acrossRead More 1960s Essay examples1119 Words   |  5 Pages The 1960’s – an Era of Discord nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A young black man is brutally murdered for a harmless comment to a white woman. A mother distresses over the discovery of her son’s rock and roll collection. A United States soldier sits in a trench in Vietnam contemplating the reason for his sitting knee-deep in mud. The 1960’s was marked with confusion, insecurity and rebellion. It was a period of time when Americans stood up and took full advantage of liberalism in America and theirRead MoreDomestic Changes After Cold War1071 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerations were finally heard, a counterculture blossomed, and citizens began leaving city slumps for suburbs. Following the Cold War, newly established domestic changes such as the uprise of suburbs, the Baby Boom, the Anti-War Movement, and the Counterculture promoted a new way of order in American social life. The creation of suburbs, or residential communities on the outskirts of cities, was an essential cornerstone for the blossoming and growth of society as a whole during the Cold War. Suburbs originatedRead MorePresident Lyndon B. Johnson s Great Society1248 Words   |  5 Pages-War on Poverty As part of president Lyndon B. Johnson’s â€Å"Great Society†, which focused on improving the quality of life among all Americans, he initiated the War on Poverty during the 1960s. The War on Poverty was built by using government funding to improve poverty-stricken areas of the country and to start â€Å"...a new food stamp program, giving poor people greater choice in obtaining food, and rent supplements that provided alternatives to public housing projects for some poor families.(Roark, PgRead MoreThe 1960s Was A Time Of Great Development1655 Words   |  7 Pagesonset of the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War certain people were extremely determined to change the views of the world and stand up for what they believed in. One of the largest groups of individuals pushing for change were Hippies. Hippies were a unique group of young individuals who began to break out in their own ways in the country. They were the most extreme anti-conformists. T hey were the people of the counterculture and they refused to conform to the society’s views onRead MoreEssay about The Social Impact of the Vietnam War2555 Words   |  11 PagesTHE Social Impact of the Vietnam War Jess Carrignan December 10, 2010 A.P. U.S. History Changes in societies have occurred since the very first civilizations and continue to occur today. Each society is a reflection of the art and music, as well as the people and their values and beliefs of the people of the time. The social structure of the people is very much shaped by the events that occur during that particular generation. Often in history major events such as wars and natural disastersRead MoreEssay on Woodstock1677 Words   |  7 PagesWoodstock One didn’t simply go to Woodstock: one lived through it. In August 1969, the Woodstock Festival was the largest counterculture event ever staged, attracting some 500,000 people and featuring many of the country’s top acts. Two decades later, Woodstock has come to mean more than just â€Å"three days of fun and music†; it symbolizes a time of community, exuberance, and intensity since lost. Woodstock festival gave power to the youth, united people of all ages, races, andRead MoreThe Movement, Drugs, And Rock Music1212 Words   |  5 Pagesmovement, the opposition to the Vietnam War, and several other issues associated with the â€Å"political left,† as some may call it. The Sixties was a time in which a major shift in political views and life in general occurred, and because of this, became the main decade in which the protest movement reached its peak, especially by college students across the United States. This riveting decade in which protesting was a major component of life, most of the protests during this time were nonviolent. SomeRead More Counterculture Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesCounterculture For the first time in American history, a large population of people of all ages, classes, and races came together to challenge the traditional institutions, traditional values in society, and the establishment in general. Youth, women, ethnic minorities, environmentalists, migrant workers and others caused the emergence of the counter culture. This cultural movement from 1960 to 1973 was caused by many factors. This era was one that was filled with many important events thatRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Clock Shadows And Dark And Gritty 1583 Words   |  7 PagesAristotelian mimesis dictates that the â€Å"art† produced by our culture and society is an imitation of our reality. If so, then our contemporary entertainment era overstocked in brooding, morally ambiguous anti-heroes bearing five o’clock shadows and â€Å"dark and gritty† narratives are a reflection of the flawed and unrelenting modern-day reality that we inhabit. This age of morally gra y storytelling is a stark contrast to the idealistic depictions of American society and â€Å"traditional family values† found

Edgar Allen Poe free essay sample

Five Paragraph Essay Have you ever wondered about Edgar Allen Poes literary elements or themes? Read the stories called The Tell-Tale Heart , The Cask of Amontillado , Annabell Lee, and The Bells . Poes desired effects was to scare the audience from the story, Poe used a writing style called gothic horror. The first literary element seen by Poe was death. In the story of The Cask Of Amontillado the Fortunado suffocates . Another death occurs in the story of The Tell-Tale Heart , when the narrator kills the old man in the middle of the night. The story called The Bells the mother died of a disease. Poe creates horror because the deaths in the stories are unexpected. The second literary element seen by Poe was obsession. The Cask of Amontillado the Montresor is obsessed with getting his revenge. In The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator is obsessed over the old mans eye. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allen Poe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story of Annabell Lee he was obsessed with his wife. This creates horror because obsession is not a usual thing seen in other stories. The third literary element seen by Poe was insanity. The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator goes insane over the old mans eye. The story The Bells , the people in the town grow insanity from bells chiming.

Type 2 diabetes

Table of Contents Constancy Discouragement versus empowerment Need for discipline, therapy, medication and diet Uncertainty of future Pain Experience of health professionals Reference Coping with type 2 diabetes (DT2) involves three major things. First, there is need for change in diet. A lot of fruits and vegetables is advised as opposed to high-sugar foodstuffs. However, for some who find it hard to drop the aforementioned, consumption is limited to periods of low blood sugar.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Type 2 diabetes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, it is important to exercise regularly as this will help burn out excess calories and keep the blood sugar level low. Some adopt regular exercise and good diet as a measure to keep blood sugar low in order to avoid the need of taking medicines (nytimes.com, 2009). Lastly, some attend diabetic classes to better understand and manage the disease (n ytimes.com, 2009). Constancy People with DT2 need to permanently observe healthy eating habits and regular exercise explained above due to the chronic nature of the disease. They are also required to daily monitor their sugar levels and react as advised (nytimes.com, 2009). These enables them keep their blood sugar at normal level and thus prevent the development of adverse complications that come with high blood sugar. Discouragement versus empowerment Those diagnosed with the disease first experience a great deal of self-denial about their new health status (nytimes.com, 2009). This can be out of ignorance or fear. However, upon learning the facts about the disease from medical practitioners and personal efforts they shed this attitude and adopt new habits which lead to healthier lifestyles (nytimes.com, 2009). They gain attitudinal empowerment when they accept the reality and longevity of their new health status, the need for exercise, low-sugar diet, and regular medication. Need for discipline, therapy, medication and diet DT2 requires constant monitoring and intervention therapies. Personal discipline in observing doctors directives is important as most of the monitoring is carried out at home. For example, patients are required to daily set up, read and record their blood sugar levels sugar using an electronic monitoring kit (nytimes.com, 2009). Therapy is vital as the symptomatic aspects of the disease worsen with time if there is no intervention of any kind. Medication is necessary to quickly lower blood sugar when it suddenly shoots up, a common occurrence in type 2 diabetes. Low-sugar diet rich in vegetables and fruits is necessary to manage blood sugar within safe levels and prevent debilitating symptoms. Uncertainty of future DT2 is said to be genetic and victims report the challenge of living with the knowledge that their offspring may also relive their experiences. There is also the fear of possible amputation of feet in the future given that it has been performed on some patients before. Many also despair about the possibility of early death (nytimes.com, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pain Pain is common in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients have reported a burning sensation in the feet accompanied by sharp on-off pains (nytimes.com, 2009). In some cases headache and leg amputation have been reported (nytimes.com, 2009). Experience of health professionals From the podcasts, it can be discerned health professionals have difficulty breaking news of positive diagnosis to victims (nytimes.com, 2009). This is likely in the case of patients with little knowledge about the disease. Perhaps another challenge they face is getting the patients to drop negative attitude about the disease, observe medications and best practices such as healthy diet, regularly exercising and use of personal sugar monitoring kit. Refe rence NyTimes.com (Producer). (2009, August 9). Patient voices: Type 2 Diabetes [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/08/04/health/TE_DIABETES.html?emc=thth This essay on Type 2 diabetes was written and submitted by user Tessa Mercer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a health condition that is developed when sugar level in the blood increases above normal levels. The two major types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent than type 1 diabetes. This essay discusses some of the most frequently asked questions about type 2 diabetes through a sample dialogue between a patient and a doctor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Type 2 Diabetes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patient: What is type 2 Diabetes and how is it developed? Doctor: Type 2 diabetes can be described as a complication in the metabolic processes characterized by a relative shortage of insulin and high levels of glucose in the blood (Barnett, 2011). It differs from type 1 diabetes where there is a complete deficiency of insulin caused by destruction of pancreatic islet cells. In addition, type 2 diabetes is more common in adults unlike type 1 d iabetes which is prevalent amongst young people. The typical symptoms of type 2 diabetes include: recurrent urination, excessive thirst, and persistent hunger (Wilson Mehra, 1997). Type 2 diabetes is caused by a mixture of lifestyle and hereditary factors. Even though some factors, like nutrition and obesity, are under individual control, others like femininity, old age, and genetics are not. Sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition and stress are the major causes of Type 2 diabetes. Particularly, excessive consumption of sugar and fats increases the risk of infection. Genetic factors have been linked to this condition. For instance, research indicates that if one identical twin is infected, there is a 90% probability of the other twin getting infected. Nutritional condition of a mother for the period of fetal growth can as well lead to this condition. Inadequate sleep is associated with Type 2 diabetes since it affects the process of metabolism (Hawley Zierath, 2008). Patient: How is t ype 2 Diabetes transmitted? Doctor: Type 2 diabetes cannot be transmitted from one individual to another, since it is not caused by micro-organisms that can be spread. Instead, it is a health condition where the body is unable to create sufficient insulin to maintain the blood sugar level. Nevertheless, a child from diabetic parents is likely to develop the complication due to genetic inheritance. According to Hanas Fox (2007), there are some genes that may result in diabetes. As in 2011, research showed that there are more than thirty-six genes that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes infection.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These genes represent 10 per cent of the entire hereditary component of the complication. For instance, a gene referred to as TCF7L2 allele, increases the probability of diabetes occurrence by 1.5 times. It is the greatest threat amongst the genetic i nvariants. Children from diabetic parents are, therefore, likely to get infected since genes are transferrable from parents to the offspring. Patient: How is type 2 Diabetes treated? Doctor: The first step in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is consumption of healthy diet. This involves avoiding excessive consumption of foods that contain sugar and fats as they are likely to increase the levels of sugar in the blood. In addition, getting involved in physical activity and losing excessive weight are also important. These management practices are recommended because they lower insulin resistance and improve the body cells’ response to insulin. Eating healthy food and physical activity also lower the level of sugar in the blood. There are also pills and other medications that can be injected when these lifestyle changes do not regulate the blood sugar (Roper, 2006). Type2 diabetes pills function in different ways. Some pills work by lowering insulin resistance while some raise the level of insulin in the blood or decrease the rate of food digestion. Even though the non-insulin injected medicines for this condition work in complex ways, essentially, they lower the levels of blood glucose after injection. Insulin injection treatment basically raises the insulin level in the blood. Another treatment for type 2 diabetes is weight loss surgery that is recommended for obese people. This treatment has been proved effective since most of the patients can maintain regular levels of sugar in their blood after surgery (Codario, 2011). Multiple prescriptions can be applied in controlling the levels of blood sugar. Actually, combination treatment is a popular remedy for Type 2 diabetes. If a single therapy is not sufficient, a health care provider may prescribe two or more different kinds of pills. For instance, individuals with type 2 diabetes have high fat levels in the blood and high blood pressure. Therefore, doctors can prescribe medicines for treatment of these conditions at the same time. The kind of medication prescribed depends on the health condition of the patient (Ganz, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Type 2 Diabetes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Patient: What are the chances of survival? Doctor: Diabetes is one of the major causes of deaths in the United States each year. Statistics indicates that it contributes to approximately 100,000 deaths every year. In the United States, there are over 20 million reported cases of diabetes, the majority being Type 2 diabetes. Proper remedy including change of lifestyle and medications is known to improve the health condition of a patient. If properly used together, lifestyle changes and medication can increase the chances of survival of a patient by up to 85 per cent (Rosenthal, 2009). References Barnett, H. (2011). Type 2 diabetes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Codario, A. (2011). Type 2 diabetes, pre-diabet es, and the metabolic syndrome. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press. Ganz, M. (2005). Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Hanas, R., Fox, C. (2007). Type 2 diabetes in adults of all ages. London: Class Health. Hawley, A., Zierath, R. (2008). Physical activity and type 2 diabetes: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Roper, R. (2006). Type 2 diabetes: The adrenal gland disease : the cause of type 2 diabetes and a nutrition program that takes control!. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rosenthal, S. (2009). The Canadian type 2 diabetes sourcebook. Mississauga, Ont: J. Wiley Sons Canada. Wilson, L., Mehra, V. (1997). Managing the patient with type II diabetes. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers. This essay on Type 2 Diabetes was written and submitted by user Blakely Pace to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.